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Hibiscus arnottianus

A.Gray (1854)

This name is accepted

Kingdom: Viridiplantae Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class/Clade: Eudicot-Rosids Order: Malvales Family: Malvaceae Genus: Hibiscus

hau hele, hau hele, koki‘o ke‘oke‘o [kokio keokeo], koki‘o ke‘oke‘o [kokio keokeo], koki‘o kea [kokio kea], koki‘o kea [kokio kea], pāmakani [pamakani]

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Description

Key Characters:

Growth Form: Shrubs or small trees up to 8(–10) m tall.

Stems: Mature stems glabrous to glabrate, young stems, petioles, and calyces copiously yellowish stellate pubescent.

Roots:

Leaves: Leaves simple. Alternate. Blades ovate–elliptic to broadly ovate, usually 4–10 cm long, 2–11(–25) cm wide. Blades ovate–elliptic to broadly ovate, usually 4–15(–30) cm long, 2–11(–25) cm wide. Apex acute to subacuminate. Base obtuse to subcordate or cuneate. Upper surfaces glabrous or glabrate; lower surfaces glabrate to densely pubescent; blades coriaceous. Upper surfaces glabrous or glabrate; lower surfaces glabrate; blades coriaceous. Margins entire or dentate throughout or near apex. Petioles usually less than ½ the length of blades; sometimes copiously yellowish stellate pubescent. Stipules subulate to filiform, 5–10 mm long, caducous.

Flowers: Flowers solitary, borne near the ends of the branches, pedicels stout, 1.5–6(–9) cm long, articulate; involucral bracts 5–7, reflexed to erect, linear-lanceolate to narrowly oblong, 5–15(–25) mm long, 1–2 mm wide, distinct or connate basally or adnate to calyx at base. Flowers bisexual (perfect). Calyx tubular, 1.5–2.8 cm long, lobes deltate–acute, 3–10 mm long, glabrate. Corolla actinomorphic to moderately zygomorphic, corolla of 5 petals, flaring, white, occasionally with a pink tinge on abaxial side, sometimes aging pinkish, obovate, (5–) 6–11(–13) cm long from point of insertion, distinct from each other but adnate basally to the staminal column into a tube 1–3(–4) cm long, convolute in bud, lower surface usually densely pubescent. Stamens 5 to numerous, monadelphous, forming a staminal column, exserted, pinkish to dark red, rarely white, 8–19 cm long; filaments arising in upper ⅓–½ of staminal column, red or white, spreading, 0.8–3 cm long; anthers monothecal. Pollen globose, echinate. Ovary superior, 5-celled or rarely appearing 10-celled by a vertical partition, the carpels borne in a single whorl or rarely seemingly superposed whorls, placentation axile; ovules 3 or more per cell; style exceeding the staminal column, 5-branched, each branch terminated by an expanded stigma.

Fruit: Loculicidally dehiscent capsules; chartaceous; obovoid–apiculate; ca. 1.7–2.5 cm long; glabrous; endocarp smooth; shiny; exocarp reticulate–veined. Seeds angular-reniform or rounded-reniform; ca. 4 mm long; yellowish brown tomentose; with or without endosperm.

Ploidy: 2n = 80*; 84*

Habitat: Occurring in primarily mesic to wet forest;.

Elevation Range: 120–790 m.
300–800 m.

Historical Distribution

Images

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Uses and Culture

USES

  • Many references in songs and stories (Neal 1965:561), fiber for cordage (Bornhorst 1994:9)

  • The illnesses ‘ea and pa‘ao‘ao are treated with the flowers buds. The leaves are used as a purgative. For blood purification the flower buds are used in conjuction with the bark of the tap root, as well as the bark of the ‘ahakea (Bobea spp.), ‘ohi‘a ‘ai bark (Ipomoea pes-caprae), ‘uhaloa bark, (Waltheria indica), kikania (Desmodium sandwicense) plant (except pods), pohuehue roots (Ipomoea pes-caprae), hāpu‘u trunks (Cibotium spp.), ‘auko‘i stalks (Senna occidentalis), noni fuit (Morinda citrifolia), and kōhonua‘ula (red sugarcane, Saccharum officinarum) (Chun 1994:157–158).

PROPAGATION/CULTIVATION

  • The seeds of Hibiscus arnottianus are contained in papery 1/2 to 1 inch capsules which are tanor brown colored when ripe. The capsules split open when mature and the seeds fall to the ground. The fuzzy seeds are 1/8 inch long and yellowish brown.
  • Hibiscus arnottianus is easy to grow from fresh seed, but it hybridizes easily and the seedlings may differ from the parent plant. To ensure that the seedlings are not hybrids, hand pollinate the flowers. Using a paint brush, transfer pollen to the stigma of the flower and then enclose the flower in a bag until the seed capsule ripens. Bornhorst recommends hand pollination in the early morning. Pick the capsules just as they turn tan and before they open up. Place them in a container such as a paper bag to dry. As the capsule dries, the seeds will fall out or they can be removed manually.
  • Soak the seeds in water overnight and plant the ones that sink. Woolliams recommends using warm water. Use a well-drained sterile potting mix such as 2 parts potting soil and 1 part perlite and keep the mix moist. The NTBG plant information sheet suggests putting the seeds in the shade. Koob writes that the seeds generally sprout in 2 to 3 weeks. NTBG says that germination generally occurs in 3 to 9 days. (Bornhorst 1991; Koob 1998; NTBG 1992a; NTBG 1992b; Woolliams 1976)
  • Hibiscus arnottianus grow easily from semi-hardwood cuttings. Cuttings 4 to 6 inches long and less than 1/2 inch in diameter should be made from healthy branches without flower buds. Criley recommends terminal or sub-terminal cuttings. NTBG suggests using cuttings that are about 1/4 inch in diameter (pencil-sized) with at least 3 nodes.
  • Reduce transpiration by removing half of each leaf above the rooting medium and use a medium strength rooting hormone. Koob suggests 0.1% indolebutyric acid (IBA) and 0.05% naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) (Koob, email). Bornhorst (1996) recommends Rootone F or Hormex #3; Bornhorst (1991) also reports the use of a 1:10 Dip N Gro solution. Criley reports success with rooting hormones having a 2 to 1 ratio of IBA to NAA. In this work, good rooting was obtained with total auxin concentrations ranging from 4,000 parts per million (ppm) to 7,500 ppm.
  • Use a well-drained medium. Bornhorst (1991) reports success with a mixture of 1 part perlite to 1 part vermiculite. Koob suggests clean sand, perlite, or vermiculite; Criley uses either 1 part coarse perlite to 1 part vermiculite or 100% vermiculite; NTBG recommends a mixture of 1 part potting soil and 1 part perlite.
  • Keep the cuttings in a humid environment and the rooting medium moist. Put the cuttings under a mist system if possible, but a humidity chamber or hand misting twice a day may be adequate. Bornhorst (1991) reports the successful use of a mist system which was one for 24 seconds every 3 minutes. Criley's work was done using an intermittent mist system which was on for 6 to 8 seconds every 5 or 6 minutes; cuttings were rooted under 30% shade. Cuttings are ready to transplant in 2 to 5 months. (Bornhorst 1991; Bornhorst 1996; Criley 1999; Criley 1998; Koob 1998; NTBG 1992a; NTBG 1992b)
  • Hibiscus arnottianus can be air layered. Use standard air layer technique on a branch that is about 1 inch in diameter. Bornhorst recommends selecting a branch that is growing upright and making the air layer between 1 and 2 feet from the tip of the branch.
  • To start a plant by air layering, remove the bark and cambium from a 1 inch wide ring of bark. Apply a rooting hormone to the cut surface and cover this with a layer of damp sphagnum moss. Wrap the moss in plastic being sure to secure the ends where it wraps around the branch.
  • The air layer should be ready to remove from the parent plant in 3 to 5 months. Bornhorst (1996) suggests that root systems from air-layered plants are not as vigorous as those produced by other techniques. (Bornhorst 1991; Bornhorst 1996; Koob 1998)
  • Hibiscus arnottianus can easily be grafted. Use a rootstock of the common red, pink waterfall, double pink, or of the cultivar 'Peachglow.' Most grafting techniques will work. The scion (the piece of the desired plant that will be attached to the rootstock) should be 3 to 4 inches long with 2 to 4 nodes. Cut the scion from branches that are semi-mature; both tips and stem sections work well for scion wood. Bornhorst (1991) recommends either wedge or side wedge grafting techniques. (Bornhorst 1991; Bornhorst 1996; Koob 1998) [Data from Herring, E. C., & Criley, R. A. (2003). The Hawaiian Native Plant Propagation Web Site: Developing a Webbased Information Resource. HortTechnology, 13(3), 545-548. https://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/hawnprop/]

Ethnobotanical Images

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Natural History

Statewide Status

Endemic

Island Status

Kaua'i Only found in cultivation
O'ahu Endemic
Molokai Only found in cultivation
Maui Only found in cultivation

Dispersal Agents


Pollinators

Bibliography

Name Published In: U.S. Expl. Exped., Phan. 1: 176 (1854)

Other References

Wagner et al. 1990:883 (O [as H. arnottianus subsp. arnottianus]); Staples & Herbst 2005:387 (KEY), 388 (DESCR); Huppman 2013 (Syn. H. a. subsp. arnottianus = H. arnottianus)

Occurrences

SNo. Scientific Name Locality Habitat Basis of Record Description Recorded By Record Number Island Source Date
1 Hibiscus arnottianus Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Remnant dry forest with Erythrina sandwicensis, Sapindus oahuensis, Psydrax odorata, Polyscias sandwicensis, and Asplenium musifolium. Area also heavily invaded by Psidium cattleianum, Schinus terebinthifolius, and Urochloa maxima. Preserved_Specimen Large, spindly tree that was broken by a tree falling on it. Flowers white, fragrant. Leaves ovate with cordate to truncated bases, thin, chartaceous, petiloes red. Thomas, M.K. 999 Oahu BISH 2025-02-27
2 Hibiscus arnottianus Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Remnant dry forest with Erythrina sandwicensis, Sapindus oahuensis, Psydrax odorata, Polyscias sandwicensis, and Asplenium musifolium. Area also heavily invaded by Psidium cattleianum, Schinus terebinthifolius, and Urochloa maxima. Preserved_Specimen Large, spindly tree that was broken by a tree falling on it. Flowers white, fragrant. Leaves ovate with cordate to truncated bases, thin, chartaceous, petiloes red. Thomas, M.K. 999 Oahu BISH 2025-02-27
3 Hibiscus arnottianus Waialae Valley. Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 1948 Oahu BISH 1914-10-15
4 Hibiscus arnottianus Waialae Valley. Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 1948 Oahu BISH 1914-10-15
5 Hibiscus arnottianus Waianae Range, Palehua Preserved_Specimen Cooke, C.M. Oahu BISH
6 Hibiscus arnottianus Waianae Range, Palehua Preserved_Specimen Cooke, C.M. Oahu BISH
7 Hibiscus arnottianus Puu Hapapa; Waianaeuka. Preserved_Specimen Hosaka, E.Y. 325 Oahu BISH 1930-10-19
8 Hibiscus arnottianus Puu Hapapa; Waianaeuka. Preserved_Specimen Hosaka, E.Y. 325 Oahu BISH 1930-10-19
9 Hibiscus arnottianus Waianae Mts., 1 miles south of Kolekole Pass. Preserved_Specimen Selling, O. 3364 Oahu BISH 1938-09-03
10 Hibiscus arnottianus Waianae Mts., 1 miles south of Kolekole Pass. Preserved_Specimen Selling, O. 3364 Oahu BISH 1938-09-03
11 Hibiscus arnottianus unknown Preserved_Specimen Sohmer, S.H. 6654 Oahu BISH 1970-01-01
12 Hibiscus arnottianus unknown Preserved_Specimen Sohmer, S.H. 6654 Oahu BISH 1970-01-01
13 Hibiscus arnottianus Honolulu, Mount Tantalus Preserved_Specimen Skottsberg, C.J.F. 84 Oahu BISH 1922-07-08
14 Hibiscus arnottianus Honolulu, Mount Tantalus Preserved_Specimen Skottsberg, C.J.F. 84 Oahu BISH 1922-07-08
15 Hibiscus arnottianus Konahuanui, valley W flanks Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 1000 Oahu BISH 1909-01-06
16 Hibiscus arnottianus Konahuanui, valley W flanks Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 1000 Oahu BISH 1909-01-06
17 Hibiscus arnottianus Waianae Mountains, Makaha Valley Preserved_Specimen MacDaniels, L.H. 569 Oahu BISH 1927-01-31
18 Hibiscus arnottianus Waianae Mountains, Makaha Valley Preserved_Specimen MacDaniels, L.H. 569 Oahu BISH 1927-01-31
19 Hibiscus arnottianus Honolulu, Tantalus Preserved_Specimen Yoshinaga, E.K. Oahu BISH 1920-12-29
20 Hibiscus arnottianus Honolulu, Tantalus Preserved_Specimen Yoshinaga, E.K. Oahu BISH 1920-12-29
21 Hibiscus arnottianus Niu Preserved_Specimen Hillebrand, W.B. Oahu BISH
22 Hibiscus arnottianus Niu Preserved_Specimen Hillebrand, W.B. Oahu BISH
23 Hibiscus arnottianus Tantalus Ridge Preserved_Specimen Lyon, H.L. Oahu BISH 1909-09-05
24 Hibiscus arnottianus Tantalus Ridge Preserved_Specimen Lyon, H.L. Oahu BISH 1909-09-05
25 Hibiscus arnottianus Waianae Range, Palehua Preserved_Specimen Cooke, C.M. Oahu BISH
26 Hibiscus arnottianus Waianae Range, Palehua Preserved_Specimen Cooke, C.M. Oahu BISH
27 Hibiscus arnottianus Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen (Not on sheet) 220 BISH 1957-04-07
28 Hibiscus arnottianus Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen (Not on sheet) 220 BISH 1957-04-07
29 Hibiscus arnottianus Wailupe Valley Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 2496 Oahu BISH 1917-05-04
30 Hibiscus arnottianus Wailupe Valley Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 2496 Oahu BISH 1917-05-04
31 Hibiscus arnottianus Honolulu, Mount Tantalus, N slope Preserved_Specimen Christophersen, E. 1373 Oahu BISH 1930-06-15
32 Hibiscus arnottianus Honolulu, Mount Tantalus, N slope Preserved_Specimen Christophersen, E. 1373 Oahu BISH 1930-06-15
33 Hibiscus arnottianus unknown Preserved_Specimen Krajina, V.J. BISH
34 Hibiscus arnottianus unknown Preserved_Specimen Krajina, V.J. BISH
35 Hibiscus arnottianus Waahila Ridge Ridge forest dominated by Acacia & Metrosideros, steep slope Preserved_Specimen Leaning tree 5 m, trunk 10 cm.; fl. pale yellow, stam. clmn. red; fr. a dry 3 locular capsule, dehiscent calyx green. van Balgooy, M.M.J. 41238 Oahu BISH 1982-05-23
36 Hibiscus arnottianus Waahila Ridge Ridge forest dominated by Acacia & Metrosideros, steep slope Preserved_Specimen Leaning tree 5 m, trunk 10 cm.; fl. pale yellow, stam. clmn. red; fr. a dry 3 locular capsule, dehiscent calyx green. van Balgooy, M.M.J. 41238 Oahu BISH 1982-05-23
37 Hibiscus arnottianus Honolulu, Lyon Arboretum, Section 34 Lower Dodonaea Slope Growing in open sun. Preserved_Specimen Small tree to 3 m tall. Flowers white. Spence, G. 394 Oahu BISH 1976-08-01
38 Hibiscus arnottianus Honolulu, Lyon Arboretum, Section 34 Lower Dodonaea Slope Growing in open sun. Preserved_Specimen Small tree to 3 m tall. Flowers white. Spence, G. 394 Oahu BISH 1976-08-01
39 Hibiscus arnottianus Manoa Cliffs Trail On slope above trail. Preserved_Specimen Tree ca. 25 ft. tall overhanging trail. Leu, M. 44 Oahu BISH 1987-11-30
40 Hibiscus arnottianus Manoa Cliffs Trail On slope above trail. Preserved_Specimen Tree ca. 25 ft. tall overhanging trail. Leu, M. 44 Oahu BISH 1987-11-30
41 Hibiscus arnottianus Koloa District; National Tropical Botanical Garden in Lawai Valley, McBryde Garden, Big Balley, native Hawaiian section east side of road. Cultivated area. Preserved_Specimen Large shrub 4 meters with 7 stems to 15 cm. diameter, bark smooth, gray. Leaves dark green, glossy above. Calyx light green, flowers sweetly fragrant (11 am) corolla white, filaments, top of staminal column, and stigmas reddish. Lorence, D.H. 10825 Kauai BISH 2020-11-18
42 Hibiscus arnottianus Koloa District; National Tropical Botanical Garden in Lawai Valley, McBryde Garden, Big Balley, native Hawaiian section east side of road. Cultivated area. Preserved_Specimen Large shrub 4 meters with 7 stems to 15 cm. diameter, bark smooth, gray. Leaves dark green, glossy above. Calyx light green, flowers sweetly fragrant (11 am) corolla white, filaments, top of staminal column, and stigmas reddish. Lorence, D.H. 10825 Kauai BISH 2020-11-18
43 Hibiscus arnottianus Honolulu, Tantalus Moderate rainfall area. Preserved_Specimen Tall shrub 10-15 ft. tall. White flowers. Weimer, R.D. Oahu BISH 1960-10-27
44 Hibiscus arnottianus Honolulu, Tantalus Moderate rainfall area. Preserved_Specimen Tall shrub 10-15 ft. tall. White flowers. Weimer, R.D. Oahu BISH 1960-10-27
45 Hibiscus arnottianus Waianae Mountains, Honouliuli, N fork of valley E of Palikea Wooded stream banks. Preserved_Specimen Veins red, especially beneath. Flowers oblong oblanceoloid 5-furrowed longitudinally, back of each cell depressed. St.John, H. 10372 Oahu BISH 1930-02-23
46 Hibiscus arnottianus Waianae Mountains, Honouliuli, N fork of valley E of Palikea Wooded stream banks. Preserved_Specimen Veins red, especially beneath. Flowers oblong oblanceoloid 5-furrowed longitudinally, back of each cell depressed. St.John, H. 10372 Oahu BISH 1930-02-23
47 Hibiscus arnottianus Waianae Mountains, major gulch just N of major peak N of Puu Kawiwi, Makaha side of Kamaileunu Ridge On slope with Psidium-Metrosideros-Rubus-Rumex association. Preserved_Specimen Tree 12 diam. at base, 18 ft. high. Petals white to pinkish, streaked with red. Nagata, K.M. 1176 Oahu BISH 1973-08-07
48 Hibiscus arnottianus Waianae Mountains, major gulch just N of major peak N of Puu Kawiwi, Makaha side of Kamaileunu Ridge On slope with Psidium-Metrosideros-Rubus-Rumex association. Preserved_Specimen Tree 12 diam. at base, 18 ft. high. Petals white to pinkish, streaked with red. Nagata, K.M. 1176 Oahu BISH 1973-08-07
49 Hibiscus arnottianus University of Hawaii, Honolulu. In a horticultural collection. Preserved_Specimen A shrub 4 feet high. Urata, U. Oahu BISH 1952-01-04
50 Hibiscus arnottianus University of Hawaii, Honolulu. In a horticultural collection. Preserved_Specimen A shrub 4 feet high. Urata, U. Oahu BISH 1952-01-04
51 Hibiscus arnottianus Kealia Edge of woods. Preserved_Specimen Tree 8 meters X 25 cm., petals white, column crimson. St.John, H. 17655 Oahu BISH 1936-11-08
52 Hibiscus arnottianus Kealia Edge of woods. Preserved_Specimen Tree 8 meters X 25 cm., petals white, column crimson. St.John, H. 17655 Oahu BISH 1936-11-08
53 Hibiscus arnottianus Koolau Range, Trail to crest near Puu Konahuanui, ca. 3.5 air miles NNE of University of Hawaii campus Native forest along trail. Preserved_Specimen Young, D.A. 1636 Oahu BISH 1979-01-18
54 Hibiscus arnottianus Koolau Range, Trail to crest near Puu Konahuanui, ca. 3.5 air miles NNE of University of Hawaii campus Native forest along trail. Preserved_Specimen Young, D.A. 1636 Oahu BISH 1979-01-18
55 Hibiscus arnottianus N Halawa Valley, near H-3 tunnel Mixed guava & native forest. Preserved_Specimen Tree; flowers white. Lennstrom, H. 1994131 Oahu BISH 1994-09-27
56 Hibiscus arnottianus N Halawa Valley, near H-3 tunnel Mixed guava & native forest. Preserved_Specimen Tree; flowers white. Lennstrom, H. 1994131 Oahu BISH 1994-09-27
57 Hibiscus arnottianus Kului Along channel of an intermittent stream. Major associates are Erythrina sandwicensis, Canthium odoratum & Schinus terebinthifolius; sp. is apparently restricted to the flood plain. Preserved_Specimen Takeuchi, W.N. 2544 Oahu BISH 1985-11-11
58 Hibiscus arnottianus Kului Along channel of an intermittent stream. Major associates are Erythrina sandwicensis, Canthium odoratum & Schinus terebinthifolius; sp. is apparently restricted to the flood plain. Preserved_Specimen Takeuchi, W.N. 2544 Oahu BISH 1985-11-11
59 Hibiscus arnottianus Waianae Mountains, Palikea Trail In disturbed grassland, on road bank. Preserved_Specimen Tree 12 m tall; stipules red; pubescence of stellate hairs, midribs magenta; petioles purplish. Stone, B.C. 3471 Oahu BISH 1960-05-05
60 Hibiscus arnottianus Waianae Mountains, Palikea Trail In disturbed grassland, on road bank. Preserved_Specimen Tree 12 m tall; stipules red; pubescence of stellate hairs, midribs magenta; petioles purplish. Stone, B.C. 3471 Oahu BISH 1960-05-05
61 Hibiscus arnottianus Dillingham area, above Camp Erdman On cliffs, with Bidens, Leucaena leucocephala, Sida fallax, Sicyos, Canthium, Plumbago, Syzygium cumini, Schinus, Lepidium bidentatum, Lipochaeta remyi, Myoporum, Hibiscus arnottianus with flowers. Preserved_Specimen Perlman, S. 7004 Oahu BISH 1987-11-22
62 Hibiscus arnottianus Dillingham area, above Camp Erdman On cliffs, with Bidens, Leucaena leucocephala, Sida fallax, Sicyos, Canthium, Plumbago, Syzygium cumini, Schinus, Lepidium bidentatum, Lipochaeta remyi, Myoporum, Hibiscus arnottianus with flowers. Preserved_Specimen Perlman, S. 7004 Oahu BISH 1987-11-22
63 Hibiscus arnottianus Wailupe, Kului Beside stream in open forest. Preserved_Specimen Egler, F.E. 3768 Oahu BISH 1937-06-23
64 Hibiscus arnottianus Wailupe, Kului Beside stream in open forest. Preserved_Specimen Egler, F.E. 3768 Oahu BISH 1937-06-23
65 Hibiscus arnottianus Niu, vicinity of the Anolani weater tank In forest of Psidium cattlleianum & Eugenia cumini, next to flowing stream. Preserved_Specimen Takeuchi, W.N. 2551 Oahu BISH 1985-11-17
66 Hibiscus arnottianus Niu, vicinity of the Anolani weater tank In forest of Psidium cattlleianum & Eugenia cumini, next to flowing stream. Preserved_Specimen Takeuchi, W.N. 2551 Oahu BISH 1985-11-17
67 Hibiscus arnottianus Koloa District. National Tropical Botanical Garden Headquarters at 3530 Papalina Road, Kalaheo, near front gate, just southwest of Crum cottage. Cultivated. Preserved_Specimen Large shrub 6 meter tall, 3 main stems to 15 cm. diameter, bark gray, rugose. Leaves shiny medium green above. Flowers sweetly fragrant (12 pm), calyx light green, corolla white, filaments, stigma, and staminal column distally reddish. Cult., existing plant probably same as 910078.002 Lorence, D.H. 10828 Kauai BISH 2020-11-18
68 Hibiscus arnottianus Koloa District. National Tropical Botanical Garden Headquarters at 3530 Papalina Road, Kalaheo, near front gate, just southwest of Crum cottage. Cultivated. Preserved_Specimen Large shrub 6 meter tall, 3 main stems to 15 cm. diameter, bark gray, rugose. Leaves shiny medium green above. Flowers sweetly fragrant (12 pm), calyx light green, corolla white, filaments, stigma, and staminal column distally reddish. Cult., existing plant probably same as 910078.002 Lorence, D.H. 10828 Kauai BISH 2020-11-18
69 Hibiscus arnottianus Waianae District, Palikea, ridge between Nanakuli & Lualualei. 10 degree NNE aspect Lowland mesic forest; Assoc. plants: Dubautia sherffiana, Bidens torta, Hedyotis schlechtendahliana + H. acuminata + H. parvula, Eragrostis variabilis, Elaphoglossum hirtum, Peperomia tetraphylla, Carex wahuensis, Styphelia, Plantago princeps var. princeps, Hibiscus arnottianus, Lysimachia, Silene perlmanii. Preserved_Specimen 2 m tall shrub; sterile; leaves lime-green, petioles red, [?]ination red Wood, K.R. 1981 Oahu BISH 1992-07-02
70 Hibiscus arnottianus Waianae District, Palikea, ridge between Nanakuli & Lualualei. 10 degree NNE aspect Lowland mesic forest; Assoc. plants: Dubautia sherffiana, Bidens torta, Hedyotis schlechtendahliana + H. acuminata + H. parvula, Eragrostis variabilis, Elaphoglossum hirtum, Peperomia tetraphylla, Carex wahuensis, Styphelia, Plantago princeps var. princeps, Hibiscus arnottianus, Lysimachia, Silene perlmanii. Preserved_Specimen 2 m tall shrub; sterile; leaves lime-green, petioles red, [?]ination red Wood, K.R. 1981 Oahu BISH 1992-07-02
71 Hibiscus arnottianus Honolulu, Bishop Museum, Atherton Halau pool area In full sun. Preserved_Specimen Upright shrub 1.5 m tall. Petal white staminal column white grading to rose, stigmatic surface blood red. Lau, J. 1073 Oahu BISH 1985-06-10
72 Hibiscus arnottianus Honolulu, Bishop Museum, Atherton Halau pool area In full sun. Preserved_Specimen Upright shrub 1.5 m tall. Petal white staminal column white grading to rose, stigmatic surface blood red. Lau, J. 1073 Oahu BISH 1985-06-10
73 Hibiscus arnottianus Koolau Mountains, Honolulu Forest Reserve, Manoa Cliffs Trail In Koa-Ohia ridge type vegetation. Preserved_Specimen Tree 8 m tall, DBH 10. Leaves entire; ovate-oval; 8 cm.by 5 cm.; tips mucrouate; three nerved. Flowers solitary in leaf axils; calyx tubular, 5 lobed; petals 5, white; staminal column exserted. Spence, G. 161 Oahu BISH 1973-06-21
74 Hibiscus arnottianus Koolau Mountains, Honolulu Forest Reserve, Manoa Cliffs Trail In Koa-Ohia ridge type vegetation. Preserved_Specimen Tree 8 m tall, DBH 10. Leaves entire; ovate-oval; 8 cm.by 5 cm.; tips mucrouate; three nerved. Flowers solitary in leaf axils; calyx tubular, 5 lobed; petals 5, white; staminal column exserted. Spence, G. 161 Oahu BISH 1973-06-21
75 Hibiscus arnottianus Waianae Mts., Palikea-Manu Kapu ridge trail exposed Preserved_Specimen shrub Philpott, J. 128 Oahu BISH 1962-06-01
76 Hibiscus arnottianus Waianae Mts., Palikea-Manu Kapu ridge trail exposed Preserved_Specimen shrub Philpott, J. 128 Oahu BISH 1962-06-01
77 Hibiscus arnottianus Koolau Mountains, Mt. Tantalus, behind Honolulu, west rim of Manoa valley, along Manoa Cliff Trail Along trail. Preserved_Specimen Flowers pure white, stamens red. Stone, B.C. 3116 Oahu BISH 1959-10-24
78 Hibiscus arnottianus Koolau Mountains, Mt. Tantalus, behind Honolulu, west rim of Manoa valley, along Manoa Cliff Trail Along trail. Preserved_Specimen Flowers pure white, stamens red. Stone, B.C. 3116 Oahu BISH 1959-10-24
79 Hibiscus arnottianus Waianae Mountains, Keekee Gulch In unfenced forest reserve. Preserved_Specimen Tree 10 ft. high, 1 of 4 in a group. Leaf vein & petioles dark red; fl. white, staminal column + branches+ stigma dark red, buds pink outside. Korte, K.H. Oahu BISH 1941-10-13
80 Hibiscus arnottianus Waianae Mountains, Keekee Gulch In unfenced forest reserve. Preserved_Specimen Tree 10 ft. high, 1 of 4 in a group. Leaf vein & petioles dark red; fl. white, staminal column + branches+ stigma dark red, buds pink outside. Korte, K.H. Oahu BISH 1941-10-13
81 Hibiscus arnottianus Tantalus Moist gully. Preserved_Specimen A common species with many trees heavily burdened with flowers. Takeuchi, W.N. 2482 Oahu BISH 1985-09-28
82 Hibiscus arnottianus Tantalus Moist gully. Preserved_Specimen A common species with many trees heavily burdened with flowers. Takeuchi, W.N. 2482 Oahu BISH 1985-09-28
83 Hibiscus arnottianus Mount Tantalus Open woods in rainy district. Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 8984 Oahu BISH 1923-06-11
84 Hibiscus arnottianus Mount Tantalus Open woods in rainy district. Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 8984 Oahu BISH 1923-06-11
85 Hibiscus arnottianus Manoa Cliff trail A common species, under mixed exotic-native canopy. Preserved_Specimen 4-5 m tree; populations at flowering peak. Takeuchi, W.N. 257 Oahu BISH 1984-07-14
86 Hibiscus arnottianus Manoa Cliff trail A common species, under mixed exotic-native canopy. Preserved_Specimen 4-5 m tree; populations at flowering peak. Takeuchi, W.N. 257 Oahu BISH 1984-07-14
87 Hibiscus arnottianus Waianae Mountains, Keaau-Makua Forest Reserve, Piko Trail, Makua Open grassy slope. Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 12248 Oahu BISH 1932-11-25
88 Hibiscus arnottianus Waianae Mountains, Keaau-Makua Forest Reserve, Piko Trail, Makua Open grassy slope. Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 12248 Oahu BISH 1932-11-25
89 Hibiscus arnottianus Koolau Range, Halawa Trail, top of Halawa Ridge Wet, dense cloud zone Preserved_Specimen Small tree 10 ft. tall. Ozaki, E.T. 57 Oahu BISH 1952-12-14
90 Hibiscus arnottianus Koolau Range, Halawa Trail, top of Halawa Ridge Wet, dense cloud zone Preserved_Specimen Small tree 10 ft. tall. Ozaki, E.T. 57 Oahu BISH 1952-12-14
91 Hibiscus arnottianus Honolulu, N end of Tantalus Crater Open woods. Preserved_Specimen Storey, W.B. Oahu BISH 1932-10-12
92 Hibiscus arnottianus Honolulu, N end of Tantalus Crater Open woods. Preserved_Specimen Storey, W.B. Oahu BISH 1932-10-12
93 Hibiscus arnottianus Puu Hapapa, Waianae mountains. On wooded slope. Preserved_Specimen Hosaka, E.Y. 325 Oahu BISH 1930-01-01
94 Hibiscus arnottianus Puu Hapapa, Waianae mountains. On wooded slope. Preserved_Specimen Hosaka, E.Y. 325 Oahu BISH 1930-01-01
95 Hibiscus arnottianus Waianae Range, Mokuleia, Kukuiula Growing with Aleurites moluccana, Sapindus oahuensis, Reynoldsia, Erythrina, etc. in bottom of small gulch. Quad. No. 3 (Forest Trail #20a.) Preserved_Specimen Tree 30 ft. tall, 6 DBH. Petals white, staminal column red. Hatheway, W.H. 163 Oahu BISH 1950-08-08
96 Hibiscus arnottianus Waianae Range, Mokuleia, Kukuiula Growing with Aleurites moluccana, Sapindus oahuensis, Reynoldsia, Erythrina, etc. in bottom of small gulch. Quad. No. 3 (Forest Trail #20a.) Preserved_Specimen Tree 30 ft. tall, 6 DBH. Petals white, staminal column red. Hatheway, W.H. 163 Oahu BISH 1950-08-08
97 Hibiscus arnottianus Koolau Range, N Halawa-Heeia Divide, Haiku Valley Cloud zone. Preserved_Specimen Common 4 m tree forming thicket, flower white. St.John, H. 20421 Oahu BISH 1943-12-12
98 Hibiscus arnottianus Koolau Range, N Halawa-Heeia Divide, Haiku Valley Cloud zone. Preserved_Specimen Common 4 m tree forming thicket, flower white. St.John, H. 20421 Oahu BISH 1943-12-12
99 Hibiscus arnottianus Mt. Tantalus, Honolulu. Section 34. Preserved_Specimen From cuttings collected at Mt. Tantalus. Young tree 5 feet height. Flowers white, fragrant, 20 cm. across. Staminal column 15 cm. length. Nagata, K.M. 1235 Oahu BISH 1974-08-06
100 Hibiscus arnottianus Mt. Tantalus, Honolulu. Section 34. Preserved_Specimen From cuttings collected at Mt. Tantalus. Young tree 5 feet height. Flowers white, fragrant, 20 cm. across. Staminal column 15 cm. length. Nagata, K.M. 1235 Oahu BISH 1974-08-06
101 Hibiscus arnottianus Honolulu, Bishop Museum Campus, native Hawaiian garden. Preserved_Specimen Tree ca 12 ft ht; flowers white. Kennedy, B. 74 Oahu BISH 2018-09-10
102 Hibiscus arnottianus Honolulu, Bishop Museum Campus, native Hawaiian garden. Preserved_Specimen Tree ca 12 ft ht; flowers white. Kennedy, B. 74 Oahu BISH 2018-09-10
103 Hibiscus arnottianus Honolulu, Lyon Arboretum Preserved_Specimen Small tree 15 ft., 3 inch diam. Petals white. Little Jr., E.L. 31255 Oahu BISH 1976-09-23
104 Hibiscus arnottianus Honolulu, Lyon Arboretum Preserved_Specimen Small tree 15 ft., 3 inch diam. Petals white. Little Jr., E.L. 31255 Oahu BISH 1976-09-23
105 Hibiscus arnottianus Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Cult. Tree at Makin[?] house. Forbes, C.N. 550 Molokai BISH 1912-09-01
106 Hibiscus arnottianus Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Cult. Tree at Makin[?] house. Forbes, C.N. 550 Molokai BISH 1912-09-01
107 Hibiscus arnottianus Lualualeai; 200 feet below Waianae Ridge. Preserved_Specimen Petals white; stamen-column, filaments and styles crimson; stigmas blackish-red. Two 15 feet trees. St.John, H. 10606 Oahu BISH 1930-10-19
108 Hibiscus arnottianus Lualualeai; 200 feet below Waianae Ridge. Preserved_Specimen Petals white; stamen-column, filaments and styles crimson; stigmas blackish-red. Two 15 feet trees. St.John, H. 10606 Oahu BISH 1930-10-19
109 Hibiscus arnottianus Peacock Flats Trail. Preserved_Specimen Small tree with white flowers; staminal column red. Herbst, D.R. 1900 Oahu BISH 1970-09-03
110 Hibiscus arnottianus Peacock Flats Trail. Preserved_Specimen Small tree with white flowers; staminal column red. Herbst, D.R. 1900 Oahu BISH 1970-09-03
111 Hibiscus arnottianus Waianae Range, Kupehau Gulch Preserved_Specimen Petals white, filament tube red. Cowan, R.S. 165 Oahu BISH 1946-10-13
112 Hibiscus arnottianus Waianae Range, Kupehau Gulch Preserved_Specimen Petals white, filament tube red. Cowan, R.S. 165 Oahu BISH 1946-10-13
113 Hibiscus arnottianus Honolulu, Lyon Arboretum, lower lawn Preserved_Specimen Shrub 10 ft. Flowers white with red style & anther filaments Nagata, K.M. 240 Oahu BISH 1967-06-27
114 Hibiscus arnottianus Honolulu, Lyon Arboretum, lower lawn Preserved_Specimen Shrub 10 ft. Flowers white with red style & anther filaments Nagata, K.M. 240 Oahu BISH 1967-06-27
115 Hibiscus arnottianus Manoa Cliff Trail. Preserved_Specimen A tall shrub about ten feet high with a dense crown of leaves. Sakai, R. 11 Oahu BISH 1960-10-27
116 Hibiscus arnottianus Manoa Cliff Trail. Preserved_Specimen A tall shrub about ten feet high with a dense crown of leaves. Sakai, R. 11 Oahu BISH 1960-10-27
117 Hibiscus arnottianus Lyon Arboretum. Section 34 Hawaiian Section. Preserved_Specimen Sshrub 3 meters tall, about 5 cm. dbh. Flower color white with pink-maroon on inner edges of petals. Shigematsu, K. 91.0002 Oahu BISH 1991-01-10
118 Hibiscus arnottianus Lyon Arboretum. Section 34 Hawaiian Section. Preserved_Specimen Sshrub 3 meters tall, about 5 cm. dbh. Flower color white with pink-maroon on inner edges of petals. Shigematsu, K. 91.0002 Oahu BISH 1991-01-10
119 Hibiscus arnottianus Honolulu, Manoa Cliff Trail Preserved_Specimen 15 x 1 ft. tree, spreading. St.John, H. 11173 Oahu BISH 1931-11-28
120 Hibiscus arnottianus Honolulu, Manoa Cliff Trail Preserved_Specimen 15 x 1 ft. tree, spreading. St.John, H. 11173 Oahu BISH 1931-11-28
121 Hibiscus arnottianus Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Cult. Tree at Makin(?) house. (Fls.) all white, including staminal column. Forbes, C.N. 550 Molokai BISH 1912-09-01
122 Hibiscus arnottianus Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Cult. Tree at Makin(?) house. (Fls.) all white, including staminal column. Forbes, C.N. 550 Molokai BISH 1912-09-01
123 Hibiscus arnottianus Lyon Arboretum. Section 34 Hawaiian Section. Preserved_Specimen Sshrub 3 meters tall, about 5 cm. dbh. Flower color white with pink-maroon on inner edges of petals. Shigematsu, K. 91.0003 Oahu BISH 1991-01-11
124 Hibiscus arnottianus Lyon Arboretum. Section 34 Hawaiian Section. Preserved_Specimen Sshrub 3 meters tall, about 5 cm. dbh. Flower color white with pink-maroon on inner edges of petals. Shigematsu, K. 91.0003 Oahu BISH 1991-01-11
125 Hibiscus arnottianus Mokuleia, slopes of Kaala Preserved_Specimen Large trees 20-35 ft. tall. Not in fruit or flower. Forbes, C.N. 1818 Oahu BISH 1912-04-26
126 Hibiscus arnottianus Mokuleia, slopes of Kaala Preserved_Specimen Large trees 20-35 ft. tall. Not in fruit or flower. Forbes, C.N. 1818 Oahu BISH 1912-04-26
127 Hibiscus arnottianus Lualualei; 200 feet below Waianae ridge. Preserved_Specimen Petals white; stamen-column, filament and styles crimson; stigmas blackish red, two 15 feet trees. St.John, H. 10606 Oahu BISH 1930-10-19
128 Hibiscus arnottianus Lualualei; 200 feet below Waianae ridge. Preserved_Specimen Petals white; stamen-column, filament and styles crimson; stigmas blackish red, two 15 feet trees. St.John, H. 10606 Oahu BISH 1930-10-19
129 Hibiscus arnottianus Waianae Range, Mokuleia Trail Preserved_Specimen Tree 6 m high; petals white Webster, G.L. 1180 Oahu BISH 1948-01-11
130 Hibiscus arnottianus Waianae Range, Mokuleia Trail Preserved_Specimen Tree 6 m high; petals white Webster, G.L. 1180 Oahu BISH 1948-01-11
131 Hibiscus arnottianus Waianae Mountain, head of Lualualei Valley below Puu Kanehoa Open forest. Preserved_Specimen Christophersen, E. 3656 Oahu BISH 1932-05-25
132 Hibiscus arnottianus Waianae Mountain, head of Lualualei Valley below Puu Kanehoa Open forest. Preserved_Specimen Christophersen, E. 3656 Oahu BISH 1932-05-25
133 Hibiscus arnottianus Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen 30ft tall, with many large white flowers, also in fruit and bud. Most flowers just beginning to open at 9:00am. Deans, S.M. 173 Kauai BISH 2016-07-26
134 Hibiscus arnottianus Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen 30ft tall, with many large white flowers, also in fruit and bud. Most flowers just beginning to open at 9:00am. Deans, S.M. 173 Kauai BISH 2016-07-26
135 Hibiscus arnottianus Below Puu Kapu Dry ridge. Preserved_Specimen Christophersen, E. 1553 Oahu BISH 1931-02-12
136 Hibiscus arnottianus Below Puu Kapu Dry ridge. Preserved_Specimen Christophersen, E. 1553 Oahu BISH 1931-02-12
137 Hibiscus arnottianus Honolulu, Lyon Arboretum, Section 34 Preserved_Specimen 6 ft. high. Flowers white with slight pink streaks; nearly 30 cm. across. Nagata, K.M. 1238 Oahu BISH 1974-09-09
138 Hibiscus arnottianus Honolulu, Lyon Arboretum, Section 34 Preserved_Specimen 6 ft. high. Flowers white with slight pink streaks; nearly 30 cm. across. Nagata, K.M. 1238 Oahu BISH 1974-09-09
139 Hibiscus arnottianus East Maui, Hana District, Hana, Kahanu Garden, NTBG, makai wall of heiau by awa plantings Preserved_Specimen 6 m shrub, leaves medium green, veins and petiole red; epicalyx red, calyx light green, corolla white, style staminal column red distally, pink-white basally Lorence, D.H. 7731 Maui BISH 1995-11-16
140 Hibiscus arnottianus East Maui, Hana District, Hana, Kahanu Garden, NTBG, makai wall of heiau by awa plantings Preserved_Specimen 6 m shrub, leaves medium green, veins and petiole red; epicalyx red, calyx light green, corolla white, style staminal column red distally, pink-white basally Lorence, D.H. 7731 Maui BISH 1995-11-16
141 Hibiscus arnottianus Waianae Range, rocky stream bed E of Palikea, Honouliuli Preserved_Specimen Small bush. Bean, R.S. Oahu BISH 1929-07-07
142 Hibiscus arnottianus Waianae Range, rocky stream bed E of Palikea, Honouliuli Preserved_Specimen Small bush. Bean, R.S. Oahu BISH 1929-07-07
143 Hibiscus arnottianus Manoa Cliff trail Preserved_Specimen Garber, D.W. 372 Oahu BISH 1920-04-11
144 Hibiscus arnottianus Manoa Cliff trail Preserved_Specimen Garber, D.W. 372 Oahu BISH 1920-04-11
145 Hibiscus arnottianus Ekahanui Gulch Preserved_Specimen Flowers white, fragrant; staminal column red. Kondo, Y. Oahu BISH 1947-09-28
146 Hibiscus arnottianus Ekahanui Gulch Preserved_Specimen Flowers white, fragrant; staminal column red. Kondo, Y. Oahu BISH 1947-09-28
147 Hibiscus arnottianus Honolulu, Waikiki, Bank of Hawaii Branch Hibiscus garden Preserved_Specimen Flowers fragrant, pinkish white. (Not on sheet) Oahu BISH 1959-04-27
148 Hibiscus arnottianus Honolulu, Waikiki, Bank of Hawaii Branch Hibiscus garden Preserved_Specimen Flowers fragrant, pinkish white. (Not on sheet) Oahu BISH 1959-04-27
149 Hibiscus arnottianus Halawa Quarry trail at top of divide Preserved_Specimen Kerr, M. Oahu BISH 1945-09-09
150 Hibiscus arnottianus Halawa Quarry trail at top of divide Preserved_Specimen Kerr, M. Oahu BISH 1945-09-09
151 Hibiscus arnottianus Koolau Range, on wooded ridge to Olympus Preserved_Specimen Hume, E.P. 416 Oahu BISH 1931-12-10
152 Hibiscus arnottianus Koolau Range, on wooded ridge to Olympus Preserved_Specimen Hume, E.P. 416 Oahu BISH 1931-12-10
153 Hibiscus arnottianus Hawaii Preserved_Specimen Mann, H. 530 BISH 1864-01-01
154 Hibiscus arnottianus Hawaii Preserved_Specimen Mann, H. 530 BISH 1864-01-01
155 Hibiscus arnottianus Wailupe Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 2522 Oahu BISH 1919-01-01
156 Hibiscus arnottianus Wailupe Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 2522 Oahu BISH 1919-01-01
157 Hibiscus arnottianus Koolau Mts, Tantalus, Manoa Cliffs Preserved_Specimen Krajina, V.J. 611028216 Oahu BISH 1961-10-28
158 Hibiscus arnottianus Koolau Mts, Tantalus, Manoa Cliffs Preserved_Specimen Krajina, V.J. 611028216 Oahu BISH 1961-10-28
159 Hibiscus arnottianus Heights of Pauoa. Preserved_Specimen Tree. Hillebrand, W.B. Oahu BISH
160 Hibiscus arnottianus Heights of Pauoa. Preserved_Specimen Tree. Hillebrand, W.B. Oahu BISH
161 Hibiscus arnottianus Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 1601 Oahu BISH 1910-10-01
162 Hibiscus arnottianus Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 1601 Oahu BISH 1910-10-01
163 Hibiscus arnottianus unknown Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. BISH
164 Hibiscus arnottianus unknown Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. BISH
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